Allendale County, South Carolina, has a rich history shaped by agriculture, trade, and a unique cultural heritage. Established in 1919, Allendale is one of the youngest counties in the state, yet its history is deeply rooted in the centuries before its founding. Located in the heart of South Carolina’s Lowcountry, the area has long been a hub of agricultural production, especially in cotton and later, tobacco. Allendale County is known for its historical landmarks, scenic landscapes, and community spirit.
Origins and Key Historical Events
Early Indigenous Inhabitants and European Settlement
Before European settlers arrived, the area now known as Allendale County was inhabited by indigenous tribes, including the Yemassee. These Native American communities thrived along the Savannah River, utilizing the area’s fertile land and abundant wildlife for hunting, fishing, and agriculture. Evidence of early Native American presence, including artifacts and shell mounds, can still be found throughout the region, showcasing the longstanding relationship between indigenous people and the Lowcountry.
European settlers began to arrive in the area during the 18th century, primarily of English and Scots-Irish descent. They were drawn to the rich, fertile land that was ideal for plantations and agriculture, and they established farms along the Savannah River. Over time, the plantation economy in Allendale County grew, with cotton becoming the primary crop, driving both the economic growth and the reliance on enslaved labor.
The Antebellum Period and Civil War Impact
During the antebellum period, the region that would become Allendale County was part of Barnwell County. Plantation owners became wealthy through the cultivation of cotton, rice, and tobacco, with many estates relying heavily on the labor of enslaved African Americans. This plantation economy shaped much of the social and economic structure of the area, as the large plantations controlled local commerce, culture, and politics.
The Civil War brought significant challenges and disruption to the area. As Union troops advanced through South Carolina, many plantations in the region were destroyed or damaged. The Emancipation Proclamation and the eventual end of the war led to the abolition of slavery, which fundamentally altered the local economy and labor force. While some plantations attempted to continue operations through sharecropping, the agricultural landscape was forever changed.
Reconstruction and Formation of Allendale County
After the Civil War, the Reconstruction era brought efforts to rebuild the South, though progress was slow, and racial and economic tensions were high. The area struggled with economic hardships as the plantation system waned, and many formerly enslaved individuals faced limited opportunities in a still-segregated society. Nevertheless, the local African American community began to establish churches, schools, and small businesses, marking a new era of independence and resilience.
In 1919, Allendale County was officially established from parts of Barnwell and Hampton Counties. Named after the town of Allendale, which had developed as a small commercial center in the region, the county’s formation allowed for improved local governance and infrastructure development. The town of Allendale became the county seat, and a courthouse, schools, and other civic institutions were soon established.
The 20th Century: Agriculture, Transportation, and Industry
The 20th century brought further changes to Allendale County’s economy. While agriculture remained a significant part of life, the county diversified with the introduction of tobacco farming and small manufacturing industries. Transportation improvements, including the construction of major highways, facilitated trade and commerce, connecting Allendale with larger cities and markets in South Carolina and beyond.
Agriculture remained central to the economy, but as farm mechanization increased, the number of small farms declined, leading many residents to seek work in other sectors or leave the county. By the mid-20th century, the county faced economic challenges, with limited job opportunities and rural outmigration affecting the population. However, Allendale County continued to foster community spirit, maintaining cultural traditions and investing in education, healthcare, and infrastructure.
Modern Development and Cultural Heritage
In recent decades, Allendale County has worked to preserve its historical heritage and promote tourism. The county has several historical sites, including former plantations, cemeteries, and churches that reflect its rich cultural history. Additionally, the county has invested in community initiatives to boost education, healthcare, and economic development. Though challenges remain, Allendale County’s unique Lowcountry culture and scenic landscapes continue to attract visitors and preserve the area’s historical legacy.
Historical Sites in Allendale County
The Allendale County Courthouse
Overview
The Allendale County Courthouse, located in downtown Allendale, was built in 1922 and is a historic landmark that reflects early 20th-century architecture. The courthouse serves as the center of county governance and houses courtrooms, county offices, and historical records. The building has been preserved to retain its architectural features, including its brickwork and classical detailing, making it a testament to the county’s heritage. Guided tours are available for visitors interested in learning about the county’s legal history and the role of the courthouse in local governance.
Location
292 Barnwell Hwy, Allendale, SC 29810
Ticket Price
Free admission.
Parking Information
Free parking is available on-site and along nearby streets.
Swallow Savannah Cemetery
Overview
Swallow Savannah Cemetery, one of the oldest cemeteries in Allendale County, dates back to the 18th century and is known for its historical significance. Many early settlers, veterans, and notable residents of Allendale County are buried here, with gravestones that reflect various periods of the county’s history. The cemetery offers insight into the lives of those who shaped the county, from plantation owners to community leaders. Visitors can explore the cemetery grounds and view historic headstones and memorials, which highlight Allendale County’s diverse cultural heritage.
Location
Just off SC-125, Allendale, SC 29810
Ticket Price
Free admission.
Parking Information
Parking is available along the cemetery’s entrance and nearby roads.
Happy Home Baptist Church
Overview
Happy Home Baptist Church, founded in the 19th century, is one of Allendale County’s oldest African American churches. The church was established by freed African Americans during Reconstruction and has served as a central institution in the community ever since. Happy Home Baptist Church is known for its Gothic Revival architecture, stained-glass windows, and role in the civil rights movement. It remains an active congregation and holds annual celebrations and events that honor the church’s history and contributions to the local community.
Location
15320 US-278, Allendale, SC 29810
Ticket Price
Free admission; donations are accepted to support the church.
Parking Information
Free parking is available on church grounds.
The Erwin House
Overview
The Erwin House, built in the early 19th century, is a historic plantation home in Allendale County. The house reflects the antebellum architecture of the South, with its grand columns, expansive porches, and period furnishings. Once a working plantation, the Erwin House provides visitors with insight into the lifestyle of the planter class, as well as the labor and lives of enslaved individuals who worked the land. The site includes the main house and surrounding grounds, and guided tours are available to share the history of the house and its role in Allendale’s agricultural economy.
Location
Located outside of Allendale, near US-301.
Ticket Price
Admission is $5 for adults, $3 for children under 12.
Parking Information
Parking is available on-site near the entrance.
Savannah River Scenic Byway
Overview
The Savannah River Scenic Byway passes through Allendale County, offering travelers beautiful views of the South Carolina Lowcountry and the Savannah River. Along this route, visitors can explore scenic landscapes, historic markers, and glimpses of life in rural South Carolina. The byway provides access to fishing, picnicking, and recreational spots, as well as views of historic sites along the river. The Savannah River has long been central to the county’s history, and the byway highlights the connection between the river and Allendale’s development.
Location
Various points throughout Allendale County along the Savannah River.
Ticket Price
Free to access.
Parking Information
Parking is available at designated scenic overlooks and picnic areas along the byway.
County Facts
Geography and Climate
Allendale County is situated in the Lowcountry region of South Carolina, characterized by its flat terrain, fertile soils, and proximity to the Savannah River along the state’s western border. The county’s geography includes farmland, pine forests, and swampland, supporting agriculture and outdoor recreation. Allendale County has a humid subtropical climate, with hot, humid summers and mild winters. Average temperatures range from about 50°F in winter to 90°F in summer, with a growing season that supports a variety of crops, including cotton and peanuts.
Key Facts
- Year Founded: 1919
- County Seat: Allendale
- Population: Approximately 8,500 (latest census)
- Population Density: 22 people per square mile
- Largest Cities: Allendale, Fairfax, Sycamore, Ulmer
- Major Highways: U.S. Route 301, U.S. Route 278, SC-125
- Adjacent Counties: Barnwell County (north), Bamberg County (northeast), Hampton County (south), Burke County, GA (west)