Alleghany County, located in the rugged Appalachian Mountains of western Virginia, has a history rooted in its natural resources, transportation significance, and rich Appalachian culture. Established in 1822, Alleghany County developed around the James River and Kanawha Canal, which served as a major transportation route through the region. Over time, the county became known for its iron industry, railroads, and scenic landscapes. With Covington as its county seat, Alleghany County has continued to grow while preserving its historical sites, reflecting the area’s industrial heritage, rural culture, and the natural beauty of Virginia’s highlands.
Origins and Key Historical Events
Indigenous Presence and Early European Settlement
Long before European settlers arrived, Alleghany County was home to Native American tribes, including the Monacan and Shawnee peoples. These tribes used the region’s rich forests, rivers, and fertile valleys for hunting, fishing, and farming. The trails established by these tribes through the Allegheny Mountains were later used by European explorers and settlers as they moved westward.
European settlement in the area began in the early 18th century as Scots-Irish, English, and German settlers arrived. These early settlers were drawn to the fertile valleys and abundant natural resources, which were ideal for small-scale farming, hunting, and resource gathering. The rugged terrain and isolated location, however, meant that the communities that grew here were largely self-sufficient and closely knit, with a lifestyle that reflected both independence and reliance on local resources.
Formation of Alleghany County
Alleghany County was officially established in 1822, carved out of parts of Botetourt, Bath, and Monroe Counties (now part of West Virginia). The county’s name was derived from the Allegheny Mountains, which dominate the region’s landscape. Covington was chosen as the county seat due to its central location and accessibility along the James River and Kanawha Canal.
The establishment of Alleghany County marked the beginning of formal local governance, which facilitated infrastructure development and civic institutions. As the region developed, it benefited from its location along key transportation routes, particularly with the expansion of the James River and Kanawha Canal, which provided a link to the markets of Richmond and beyond. This waterway helped foster economic growth in the region, enabling farmers and merchants to move goods more easily to larger markets.
The Iron Industry and Economic Growth
The iron industry became central to Alleghany County’s economy in the 19th century. The area’s iron ore deposits, coupled with access to timber and waterways, provided ideal conditions for iron production. Furnaces were built throughout the county, and iron production fueled the growth of local communities by providing employment and creating demand for additional services. This industry thrived in the years leading up to the Civil War, with Alleghany County becoming an essential part of Virginia’s iron-producing region.
During the Civil War, Alleghany’s iron resources were of strategic importance to the Confederate army, which used the county’s furnaces to produce iron for weapons, railroads, and other military supplies. After the war, Alleghany County’s economy struggled to recover, but the expansion of the railroad in the late 19th century brought renewed growth. The Chesapeake and Ohio Railway established routes through the county, creating new job opportunities and opening markets for local products. The county’s rail connections also attracted industries, including paper mills and timber companies, which took advantage of the accessible transportation network.
The Arrival of the Railroad and the Growth of Covington
The arrival of the Chesapeake and Ohio (C&O) Railway in the 1880s was transformative for Alleghany County. With the railroad, Covington quickly grew into an industrial hub, attracting manufacturing plants, mills, and businesses. The C&O Railway enabled the transport of timber, paper, and manufactured goods to larger markets, and Covington became known as a center for industry within the Appalachian region.
The Westvaco paper mill (now known as WestRock) opened in Covington in 1900, cementing the city’s reputation as a paper production center. The mill, which is still in operation today, became one of the county’s largest employers and has been a crucial part of the local economy for over a century. The railroad’s arrival also spurred the development of Clifton Forge, a town that became a major railway junction and yard for the C&O Railway. Clifton Forge’s economy and culture were closely tied to the railroad industry, which provided jobs and supported local businesses.
20th Century Economic Shifts and Conservation Efforts
The 20th century brought economic changes to Alleghany County, as industries adapted to technological advancements and shifts in the national economy. While the paper mill in Covington continued to thrive, the county faced challenges with the decline of the rail industry and the depletion of its natural resources. As railroad jobs decreased, the county diversified its economy, with a focus on small businesses, tourism, and outdoor recreation.
Conservation efforts became increasingly important in Alleghany County during this time. The creation of the George Washington National Forest, which includes large sections of Alleghany County, helped protect natural landscapes and provided opportunities for outdoor activities. The forest, along with the county’s rivers and mountains, became a draw for tourists seeking hiking, fishing, and camping experiences in the Appalachian region. These efforts to preserve the environment have contributed to the county’s appeal as a destination for both historical and outdoor tourism.
Historical Sites in Alleghany County
Humpback Bridge
Overview
Humpback Bridge, built in 1857, is one of the oldest surviving covered bridges in Virginia and an iconic landmark in Alleghany County. Known for its unique humpback design, the bridge crosses Dunlap Creek near Covington and has become a popular site for photography and picnicking. Originally constructed as part of the main road to Covington, Humpback Bridge has been preserved as a historic site and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Visitors can walk across the bridge and enjoy the surrounding park area, which features picnic tables, walking paths, and interpretive signs about the bridge’s history.
Location
Humpback Bridge Rd, Covington, VA 24426
Ticket Price
Free admission.
Parking Information
Free parking is available at the park adjacent to the bridge.
C&O Railway Heritage Center
Overview
The C&O Railway Heritage Center in Clifton Forge is dedicated to preserving the history of the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway and its impact on the Alleghany County region. The museum features historic rail cars, engines, and exhibits on the development of the railroad industry. Visitors can explore restored rail equipment, view memorabilia, and learn about the life of railway workers and their role in shaping local communities. The Heritage Center also offers seasonal train rides and special events, making it a popular destination for families and history enthusiasts.
Location
705 Main St, Clifton Forge, VA 24422
Ticket Price
Admission is $8 for adults, $5 for children and seniors.
Parking Information
Free parking is available on-site at the museum.
Alleghany Historical Society
Overview
The Alleghany Historical Society, located in Covington, is a museum and research center focused on the history of Alleghany County and its surrounding areas. The society’s exhibits cover topics such as the county’s Native American heritage, early settlers, the iron industry, and the growth of Covington and Clifton Forge. Artifacts include tools, photographs, documents, and personal items that illustrate the daily lives of Alleghany residents over the centuries. The society also hosts lectures, workshops, and educational programs that explore the county’s unique Appalachian culture and heritage.
Location
149 S Maple Ave, Covington, VA 24426
Ticket Price
Free admission, though donations are encouraged.
Parking Information
Free parking is available in front of the building and nearby.
Clifton Forge Historic District
Overview
The Clifton Forge Historic District encompasses the downtown area of Clifton Forge, which developed as a major railroad hub in the late 19th century. The district includes a variety of architectural styles, with buildings that reflect the town’s history as a bustling railway town. Key sites within the district include the Masonic Theatre, built in 1905, which has been restored and now serves as a performing arts venue. Walking tours of the district provide insights into the architectural and cultural history of Clifton Forge, and many of the buildings house shops, galleries, and restaurants.
Location
Downtown Clifton Forge, VA 24422
Ticket Price
Free to explore; theater events have ticketed admission.
Parking Information
Street parking is available throughout downtown Clifton Forge.
George Washington National Forest
Overview
The George Washington National Forest, which spans parts of Alleghany County, offers a range of recreational opportunities amid scenic mountain landscapes. The forest is home to numerous trails, campsites, and waterways, allowing visitors to hike, fish, camp, and view wildlife. Key attractions include Douthat State Park, known for its hiking trails and lake, and the Allegheny Trail, which provides scenic views and challenging terrain. The forest is also historically significant, with remnants of early settlements, logging operations, and iron mines scattered throughout its landscape.
Location
Accessible from multiple points within Alleghany County, including Covington and Clifton Forge.
Ticket Price
Forest entry is free; fees apply for certain campsites and activities.
Parking Information
Parking is available at trailheads, picnic areas, and campgrounds within the forest.
County Facts
Geography and Climate
Alleghany County is situated in the Appalachian Mountains of western Virginia, characterized by its rugged terrain, dense forests, and rolling rivers. The county’s topography includes steep ridges, valleys, and sections of the George Washington National Forest, making it a scenic part of Virginia. Alleghany County has a humid continental climate, with four distinct seasons, including cold, snowy winters and warm, humid summers. Average temperatures range from the low 30s°F in winter to the mid-80s°F in summer, with precipitation spread evenly throughout the year. This climate supports a diverse ecosystem of flora and fauna, adding to the region’s appeal for outdoor recreation.
Key Facts
- Year Founded: 1822
- County Seat: Covington
- Population: Approximately 15,000 (latest census)
- Population Density: About 40 people per square mile
- Largest Cities: Covington, Clifton Forge
- Major Highways: Interstate 64, U.S. Route 60, U.S. Route 220
- Adjacent Counties: Bath County (north), Botetourt County (east), Rockbridge County (northeast), Craig County (south), Greenbrier County, WV (west)