Adams County, Pennsylvania, located in the south-central part of the state, is steeped in history and is best known for its role in the Civil War, particularly the Battle of Gettysburg. Established in 1800 and named after President John Adams, the county was originally an agricultural hub that transformed over time into a nationally significant historical area. Adams County has retained its rural charm, with orchards and small towns dotting the landscape, while also preserving its Civil War heritage. Today, Adams County is a blend of historic sites, cultural richness, and natural beauty, drawing visitors from around the world to its historic and scenic destinations.
Origins and Key Historical Events
Early Settlement and Indigenous Presence
Before European settlers arrived, the region that would become Adams County was inhabited by the Susquehannock and other indigenous tribes. The area’s rolling hills, forests, and streams provided ample resources for hunting, fishing, and farming. The arrival of European settlers in the early 18th century, primarily of German and Scotch-Irish descent, brought significant changes to the area. These settlers established small farming communities, and by the mid-1700s, agriculture had become the primary economic activity in the region.
As settlement grew, so did the demand for a distinct administrative region separate from York County, of which Adams County was originally a part. This push for a new county was successful, and in 1800, Adams County was officially established. Gettysburg was designated as the county seat due to its central location and quickly developed as a regional hub for government, commerce, and culture.
Establishment of Adams County and Early Growth (1800)
Adams County’s establishment in 1800 marked the beginning of its growth as an agricultural region. The county’s fertile soil made it ideal for farming, particularly for apple orchards and dairy farming, which became significant aspects of the local economy. Small towns and villages developed across the county, each centered around family farms, mills, and churches.
The construction of roads and the establishment of early industries, such as tanneries and gristmills, helped Adams County flourish as a self-sustaining community. Gettysburg became a bustling town, with businesses and schools supporting the needs of the county’s rural population. The county’s early years were marked by steady growth and development, setting the stage for the transformative events that would occur in the mid-19th century.
The Battle of Gettysburg and the Civil War (1863)
Adams County’s most defining moment came during the Civil War, when the Battle of Gettysburg took place from July 1 to July 3, 1863. This battle was one of the war’s most significant and decisive conflicts, resulting in a Union victory that marked a turning point in the war. The battle involved more than 165,000 soldiers, and the town of Gettysburg, with its small population and limited resources, became a massive battlefield and temporary hospital for the wounded.
The fighting was fierce, with major engagements at locations such as Little Round Top, Devil’s Den, and Cemetery Hill. Following the battle, Gettysburg’s residents faced the immense task of burying the dead and caring for the wounded. In November of the same year, President Abraham Lincoln delivered his famous Gettysburg Address at the dedication of the Soldiers’ National Cemetery, commemorating the soldiers who had died in the battle and redefining the purpose of the war with his enduring words.
The Battle of Gettysburg left a lasting impact on Adams County, with remnants of the battle still visible today. The county’s Civil War heritage has become a central part of its identity and draws thousands of visitors annually to the Gettysburg National Military Park.
Post-Civil War Recovery and Economic Development
Following the Civil War, Adams County began the challenging process of recovery. The county’s economy was deeply affected, with farmland damaged and the local population forever changed by the events of the war. However, the people of Adams County were resilient, and the area soon returned to its agricultural roots. Apple orchards flourished, and by the early 20th century, Adams County had become one of the nation’s leading apple producers.
The establishment of the Gettysburg Battlefield Memorial Association in the late 19th century, followed by the creation of the Gettysburg National Military Park in 1895, helped preserve the county’s Civil War heritage. Tourism became an increasingly important part of the economy, as visitors from across the United States came to explore the historic battlefields and learn about the Civil War.
The 20th Century and Modern Adams County
During the 20th century, Adams County continued to balance its agricultural heritage with the growing tourism industry. The county’s apple orchards remained an economic staple, with annual harvest festivals celebrating the region’s agricultural success. Gettysburg evolved into a cultural and educational hub, with museums, historic sites, and reenactments drawing history enthusiasts and tourists alike.
Today, Adams County remains a unique blend of history, agriculture, and tourism. The Gettysburg National Military Park, along with other historical sites and museums, ensures that the county’s Civil War heritage is preserved for future generations. The county’s orchards, farms, and wineries continue to thrive, making Adams County a vibrant community that honors its past while embracing its future.
Historical Sites in Adams County
1. Gettysburg National Military Park
Overview: Gettysburg National Military Park preserves the site of the Battle of Gettysburg, the largest and bloodiest battle of the Civil War. The park spans over 6,000 acres and includes historic battlefields, monuments, and key locations such as Little Round Top, the Peach Orchard, and Pickett’s Charge. The visitor center offers interactive exhibits, a museum, and the iconic Cyclorama painting depicting the battle.
Location: 1195 Baltimore Pike, Gettysburg, PA
Ticket Price: Free entry to the park; museum and Cyclorama admission is $15 for adults, $10 for children.
Parking Information: Free parking available at the visitor center.
2. Eisenhower National Historic Site
Overview: The Eisenhower National Historic Site was the home of President Dwight D. Eisenhower and his wife, Mamie, from 1950 until his death. Located adjacent to the Gettysburg battlefield, the farm served as a weekend retreat and a place where Eisenhower hosted foreign dignitaries. Today, visitors can tour the farmhouse, see artifacts from Eisenhower’s life, and learn about his contributions as a military leader and President.
Location: 250 Eisenhower Farm Rd., Gettysburg, PA
Ticket Price: $9 for adults, $5 for children ages 6-12.
Parking Information: Parking available at the Gettysburg National Military Park Visitor Center; shuttle service to the site provided.
3. The David Wills House
Overview: The David Wills House is a historic home in downtown Gettysburg where President Lincoln stayed the night before delivering the Gettysburg Address. The home features exhibits on Lincoln’s speech, the impact of the Civil War, and the history of Gettysburg. Visitors can explore the room where Lincoln stayed and learn about the events leading up to his iconic address.
Location: 8 Lincoln Square, Gettysburg, PA
Ticket Price: $7.50 for adults, $4 for children.
Parking Information: Paid parking available nearby.
4. Gettysburg Heritage Center
Overview: The Gettysburg Heritage Center offers a unique perspective on the Battle of Gettysburg through the eyes of the town’s residents. The museum’s exhibits cover the civilian experience during the battle, featuring artifacts, diaries, and interactive displays. A 3D film and diorama provide an immersive experience, helping visitors understand the human impact of the battle on Gettysburg’s residents.
Location: 297 Steinwehr Ave., Gettysburg, PA
Ticket Price: $9.95 for adults, $7.95 for children.
Parking Information: Free parking available on-site.
5. Sachs Covered Bridge
Overview: Sachs Covered Bridge, built in 1854, is one of the few remaining covered bridges in Adams County. The bridge played a role in the Civil War, as both Union and Confederate troops used it during the Battle of Gettysburg. Today, the bridge is a picturesque spot for photography and offers a quiet place to reflect on the history of the region.
Location: Waterworks Rd., Gettysburg, PA
Ticket Price: Free entry.
Parking Information: Limited parking available near the bridge.
6. Adams County Historical Society and Museum
Overview: The Adams County Historical Society and Museum in Gettysburg preserves and shares the history of Adams County beyond the Civil War. The museum features exhibits on the county’s early settlers, agricultural heritage, and cultural development. Special events, lectures, and archives are available for visitors interested in learning more about Adams County’s diverse history.
Location: 368 Springs Ave., Gettysburg, PA
Ticket Price: $5 suggested donation.
Parking Information: Free parking available on-site.
County Facts
Geography and Climate
Adams County is located in south-central Pennsylvania, characterized by rolling hills, fertile valleys, and numerous creeks. The county’s landscape is ideal for agriculture, particularly apple orchards, and provides scenic views that attract visitors year-round. Adams County has a humid continental climate, with cold, snowy winters and warm, humid summers. The region receives moderate rainfall, supporting its orchards and farms, while its seasonal changes contribute to a picturesque environment that enhances the county’s historical attractions.
Quick Facts
- Year Founded: 1800
- County Seat: Gettysburg
- Population: Approximately 103,000
- Population Density: Around 200 people per square mile
- Largest Cities: Gettysburg, Littlestown, McSherrystown
- Major Highways: U.S. Route 15, U.S. Route 30, Pennsylvania Route 116
- Adjacent Counties: Cumberland County (north), Franklin County (west), York County (east), Carroll County, Maryland (south)