Aleutians East Borough, Alaska, is a unique and remote region located along the Aleutian Islands and Alaska Peninsula. Known for its rugged landscapes, active volcanoes, and rich marine life, Aleutians East Borough has a history deeply intertwined with the Native Aleut (Unangax̂) people, Russian explorers, and later American settlers. Established as a borough in 1987, Aleutians East is sparsely populated but holds economic significance due to its fisheries and maritime industry. With its unique blend of Indigenous culture, natural beauty, and historical sites, Aleutians East Borough captures the essence of Alaska’s diverse heritage.
Origins and Key Historical Events
Indigenous Peoples and Early Settlement
For thousands of years, the Aleut or Unangax̂ people inhabited the Aleutian Islands and the Alaska Peninsula, establishing a rich culture and way of life centered around the region’s marine resources. The Unangax̂ were skilled hunters, fishers, and craftsmen, creating tools and garments suited for the challenging environment. They traveled between islands in kayaks, or baidarkas, hunting sea mammals like seals, sea lions, and whales. The Unangax̂ also developed complex social structures and spiritual practices, thriving in the rugged landscape of the Aleutians.
The harsh environment and remote location helped the Unangax̂ people maintain their culture until European exploration reached the Aleutians. Despite the influx of new influences, the Unangax̂ retained much of their traditional knowledge, and their cultural practices remain integral to life in Aleutians East Borough today.
Russian Exploration and Influence
The arrival of Russian explorers in the 18th century marked a significant turning point for the Aleutians. In 1741, Russian explorer Vitus Bering led an expedition that mapped parts of the Aleutian Islands. Soon after, Russian fur traders arrived in the region, drawn by the abundance of sea otters, whose pelts were highly valued in global markets. The fur trade brought profound changes to the Unangax̂ way of life, as Russians established settlements and trading posts throughout the Aleutians.
The Russians introduced new technologies, religion, and customs, but their presence also had negative impacts on the Indigenous population. Many Unangax̂ were forced to work for Russian fur traders, and diseases introduced by the Russians significantly reduced the Indigenous population. The Russian Orthodox Church established a strong presence in the Aleutians, and to this day, the church holds cultural and historical significance for many Unangax̂ communities.
American Purchase and World War II
In 1867, the United States purchased Alaska from Russia, including the Aleutian Islands and the Alaska Peninsula. This acquisition marked the beginning of a new chapter in Aleutians East’s history, as American settlers gradually moved into the region. The U.S. government established schools and attempted to introduce Western customs, but Aleutians East remained remote, and its communities retained a strong connection to their Indigenous roots.
During World War II, the Aleutians became a critical area of military focus due to their strategic location near Japan. In 1942, Japanese forces invaded and occupied the islands of Attu and Kiska, marking the only occupation of American soil by enemy forces during the war. The U.S. launched a military campaign to retake the islands, which involved intense battles, harsh weather conditions, and significant casualties. As a result of the war, many Unangax̂ residents were forcibly evacuated from their homes, and their communities were impacted by the destruction caused during the conflict. Following the war, many returned to find their villages damaged or destroyed.
Establishment of Aleutians East Borough (1987)
The late 20th century brought changes to governance in Alaska as areas sought more local control. In 1987, Aleutians East Borough was established as a regional government entity to provide services to its communities and manage local resources. With the borough’s formation, the region was able to advocate for its residents, including addressing issues related to the fishing industry, environmental preservation, and infrastructure development.
The fishing industry, particularly for salmon, crab, and cod, plays a central role in Aleutians East Borough’s economy. The borough is home to several seafood processing plants and provides employment opportunities for residents and seasonal workers. The establishment of the borough gave the local population a stronger voice in managing these critical resources and ensured that the region could retain economic benefits from its natural assets.
Environmental Conservation and Modern Developments
Environmental conservation and resource management are ongoing priorities for Aleutians East Borough. The area is home to diverse ecosystems, including protected areas such as the Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge. Conservation efforts aim to protect both marine life and terrestrial species while ensuring sustainable fishing practices that support the borough’s economy.
Today, Aleutians East Borough balances its economic interests in fishing and tourism with environmental stewardship and the preservation of Indigenous culture. The borough’s communities are remote but retain close connections through shared cultural practices, reliance on marine resources, and participation in regional governance. Modern technology, including air travel and digital communication, has improved connectivity, allowing residents to maintain connections with the outside world while preserving the borough’s unique heritage.
Historical Sites in Aleutians East Borough
1. Holy Resurrection Russian Orthodox Church, Belkofski
Overview: The Holy Resurrection Russian Orthodox Church in Belkofski, established in the 1880s, reflects the strong Russian Orthodox influence on the Aleutian communities. Although Belkofski was once a thriving village, the population declined, and residents relocated to other parts of the borough. The church, with its traditional Russian architecture and beautiful iconography, remains a testament to the borough’s Russian Orthodox heritage.
Location: Belkofski, accessible by boat from King Cove.
Ticket Price: Free entry; donations encouraged.
Parking Information: No designated parking; accessible only by boat.
2. World War II Relics, Fort Schwatka on Amaknak Island
Overview: Fort Schwatka on Amaknak Island is one of the most well-preserved World War II military sites in the Aleutians. Built by the U.S. Army, the fort served as a defensive position during the war. Today, visitors can explore bunkers, gun emplacements, and barracks, which provide insights into the harsh conditions faced by soldiers stationed here during the Aleutian campaign.
Location: Amaknak Island, near Dutch Harbor.
Ticket Price: Free entry.
Parking Information: Limited parking available at nearby trailheads.
3. Pauloff Harbor Village Historic Site
Overview: Pauloff Harbor is a former Unangax̂ village site that dates back centuries and is now mostly abandoned. The site, with remnants of traditional dwellings, provides insight into the life and practices of the Unangax̂ people before European contact. Pauloff Harbor offers a unique perspective on the borough’s Native heritage and the resilience of its people.
Location: Pauloff Harbor, accessible by boat from False Pass.
Ticket Price: Free entry.
Parking Information: No designated parking; accessible only by boat.
4. Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge – Aleutian Islands Unit
Overview: Part of the Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge, the Aleutian Islands Unit covers a vast area of protected land and water. It supports diverse wildlife, including seabirds, sea lions, and seals, and is critical for conservation. Visitors can access parts of the refuge to enjoy bird-watching, wildlife viewing, and learning about the ecosystems that make the Aleutians unique.
Location: Spread across the Aleutian Islands, with access points near several borough communities.
Ticket Price: Free entry.
Parking Information: Varies by location; some areas accessible only by boat or air.
5. Izembek National Wildlife Refuge
Overview: The Izembek National Wildlife Refuge on the Alaska Peninsula features one of the world’s largest eelgrass beds and supports migratory waterfowl, including the Pacific black brant. The refuge includes wetlands, lagoons, and tundra, providing a pristine natural habitat. Guided tours offer visitors the opportunity to explore the landscape and learn about the region’s importance to migratory bird populations.
Location: Near Cold Bay, accessible by road from Cold Bay Airport.
Ticket Price: Free entry.
Parking Information: Parking available at Cold Bay entrance points.
6. Unalaska Memorial Park
Overview: Unalaska Memorial Park commemorates the Unangax̂ residents and military personnel affected by the Japanese occupation of the Aleutians during World War II. The park includes memorials for soldiers and Unangax̂ civilians who were relocated and those who served in the Aleutian Campaign. The site provides a solemn reminder of the war’s impact on the Aleutian communities.
Location: Unalaska, near the Dutch Harbor area.
Ticket Price: Free entry.
Parking Information: Public parking available nearby.
County Facts
Geography and Climate
Aleutians East Borough covers a remote part of southwestern Alaska, including portions of the Alaska Peninsula and the eastern Aleutian Islands. The borough’s geography is rugged and volcanic, with numerous islands, bays, and active volcanoes. The region has a maritime climate, characterized by cool temperatures, frequent rainfall, and high winds. Winters are relatively mild compared to inland Alaska, while summers remain cool, with temperatures rarely exceeding 60°F. The region’s marine environment supports diverse ecosystems, contributing to its significance in conservation and resource management.
Quick Facts
- Year Founded: 1987
- County Seat: Sand Point
- Population: Approximately 3,100
- Population Density: Around 0.5 people per square mile
- Largest Cities: Sand Point, King Cove, Akutan, False Pass, Cold Bay
- Major Highways: No major highways; primary transportation is by boat and air
- Adjacent Counties: Neighboring boroughs include Lake and Peninsula Borough (east), Kodiak Island Borough (northeast); shares maritime boundaries with Russia across the Bering Sea