Adams County, Ohio, is a historic region located in the southern part of the state, rich in Appalachian culture and steeped in Native American history. Established in 1797, the county was named after John Adams, the second president of the United States, just as he took office. Known for its scenic landscapes along the Ohio River and its ancient indigenous sites, Adams County has been shaped by agriculture, early settlement, and notable historical events. Over the centuries, the county has preserved its unique heritage, while providing a window into Ohio’s early American and indigenous past.
Origins of Adams County
Early Native American Presence
Long before European settlers arrived, Adams County was inhabited by various Native American tribes. Archaeological evidence points to a vibrant prehistoric culture in the region, particularly the Adena and Hopewell tribes, who built numerous earthworks, mounds, and ceremonial structures. These indigenous cultures thrived between 1000 BCE and 500 CE, creating significant sites that can still be explored today, such as the Serpent Mound. These mounds, made from earth and stone, are believed to hold spiritual and astronomical significance, marking Adams County as an important site for Native American history.
The Founding of Adams County
Established on July 10, 1797, Adams County was one of the first counties created in Ohio. Named for President John Adams, the county was formed as settlers began moving westward from the original thirteen colonies. As the Northwest Territory opened for settlement, many Scotch-Irish, German, and English pioneers began establishing farms and communities in the area, leading to a growing demand for organized local governance. Early towns, such as West Union, emerged as hubs for these pioneers, and the county quickly established itself as an important agricultural region.
Early Settlements and Development
One of the earliest settlements in Adams County was Manchester, founded in 1791 by Nathaniel Massie, a Revolutionary War veteran and land surveyor. Manchester became an important trading post and river port along the Ohio River, drawing settlers with its fertile lands and access to water routes. As the population grew, West Union was established and chosen as the county seat in 1804 due to its central location. The construction of early roads and improved river access facilitated trade and agriculture, with corn, wheat, and livestock becoming essential to the economy.
Key Historical Events in Adams County
The War of 1812
Adams County played a significant role in the War of 1812, primarily due to its strategic location along the Ohio River. During the war, the county served as a key staging ground for American troops moving north to defend the Ohio Valley against British and Native American forces. Many residents of Adams County enlisted in the war effort, and their contributions helped secure the region and protect settlers from raids by Native American tribes allied with the British.
The Underground Railroad
In the decades before the Civil War, Adams County became a critical stop on the Underground Railroad, a network of secret routes and safe houses used by enslaved African Americans to escape to free states and Canada. The county’s location along the Ohio River provided a natural route for escapees, who were often assisted by local abolitionists. The town of West Union was known for its anti-slavery sentiment, and many residents risked their lives to help escaped slaves cross into free territory. Several homes and sites in Adams County, including the John T. Wilson Homestead, are believed to have served as safe houses during this period.
The Civil War Era
When the Civil War erupted in 1861, many residents of Adams County joined the Union Army, with the majority siding with the abolitionist cause. Adams County regiments participated in several significant battles, including the Battle of Shiloh and the Siege of Vicksburg. The county continued to support the Union war effort by providing soldiers, food supplies, and other resources. After the war, many veterans returned to Adams County and resumed farming, but the war’s effects were felt in the community for years to come.
Industrial Development in the 20th Century
As the United States industrialized in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Adams County also experienced economic changes. The county, known for its rich natural resources, began to develop industries related to agriculture, such as canning and food processing, as well as small-scale manufacturing. Though Adams County never developed large urban centers, its industries contributed to the economy, creating jobs and maintaining the agricultural traditions of the region. The county’s small factories and local businesses helped sustain the economy, while the advent of railroads further facilitated trade and transportation of goods.
Historical Sites in Adams County
Adams County is home to several historical sites that offer a glimpse into its rich heritage, from ancient earthworks to landmarks of the Underground Railroad. These sites provide educational and recreational opportunities, drawing visitors interested in history and culture.
Serpent Mound
Overview
Serpent Mound is one of the most famous prehistoric effigy mounds in North America, believed to have been constructed by the Adena or Fort Ancient cultures between 1000 BCE and 1070 CE. The mound is an intricately shaped earthwork that resembles a serpent with an undulating body and a spiral tail. Measuring approximately 1,348 feet in length, the mound is thought to have been used for ceremonial purposes and may have astronomical alignments. The site is managed by the Arc of Appalachia Preserve System and is open to the public for educational and recreational visits.
Location
3850 State Route 73, Peebles, Ohio.
Ticket Price
Admission is $8 per vehicle.
Parking Information
Parking is available on-site, with spaces for cars and RVs.
John T. Wilson Homestead
Overview
The John T. Wilson Homestead in West Union is a historic site associated with the Underground Railroad. Built in the early 19th century, this farmhouse served as a safe haven for escaped slaves making their way to freedom. The homestead was owned by John T. Wilson, a prominent abolitionist who provided shelter and aid to fugitive slaves. The site has been preserved as a museum, and visitors can tour the home and learn about its role in the Underground Railroad and the broader abolitionist movement in Adams County.
Location
Located on Wilson Road, West Union, Ohio.
Ticket Price
Admission is $5 for adults; children under 12 are free.
Parking Information
Parking is available on-site, with a small lot for visitors.
Manchester Founding Site and Pioneer Memorial
Overview
The site of Manchester, one of Ohio’s earliest settlements, is commemorated by a Pioneer Memorial that honors the town’s founders and early settlers. Founded in 1791, Manchester played a key role in opening the Ohio River Valley to settlement. The memorial includes historical markers and plaques detailing the town’s founding by Nathaniel Massie and the challenges faced by early pioneers. Visitors can enjoy a peaceful walk along the river while learning about the region’s early history.
Location
Near the Ohio River in Manchester, Ohio.
Ticket Price
Free admission.
Parking Information
Public parking is available nearby, with additional street parking in the town of Manchester.
Adams County Heritage Center
Overview
The Adams County Heritage Center, located in West Union, houses a collection of artifacts, photographs, and documents detailing the history of Adams County from its earliest days to the present. Exhibits cover a wide range of topics, including Native American heritage, the pioneer era, local industries, and the impact of wars on the county. The Heritage Center is an excellent resource for those interested in genealogical research or learning about the county’s history.
Location
507 N Cherry Street, West Union, Ohio.
Ticket Price
Admission is free, though donations are accepted.
Parking Information
Parking is available in a small lot next to the Heritage Center.
County Facts About Adams County, Ohio
Geography and Climate
Adams County covers an area of approximately 584 square miles, characterized by rolling hills, forests, and fertile valleys. Situated in the Appalachian region, the county has a diverse landscape that includes sections of the Shawnee State Forest and scenic areas along the Ohio River. The climate is humid continental, with four distinct seasons, including hot, humid summers and cold winters. Average summer temperatures range from 70°F to 85°F, while winter temperatures average between 20°F and 40°F. The county receives moderate annual precipitation, ideal for agriculture and forestry.
Key Facts at a Glance
- Year Founded: 1797
- County Seat: West Union
- Population: Approximately 27,500 (as of the 2020 Census)
- Population Density: Around 47 people per square mile
- Largest Cities: West Union, Manchester, Peebles
- Major Highways: U.S. Route 52, State Route 32, State Route 41
- Adjacent Counties:
- Highland County (north)
- Scioto County (west)
- Pike County (northeast)
- Brown County (east)
- Mason County, Kentucky (south across the Ohio River)